食用动物细菌抗生素耐药性研究进展
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52810/CJNS.2024.003关键词:
抗生素, 细菌耐药性, 食用动物摘要
在食用动物中过度使用抗生素的现象在世界范围内的广泛存在,导致了细菌耐药性问题日益严重。食用动物中的耐抗生素细菌 (ARB) 和耐抗生素基因 (ARGs) 目前被认为是新兴污染物,对全球公共卫生构成严重威胁。本文首次综述了食用动物养殖场、粪便和废水中 ARB 和 ARGs 的现状,同时还强调了对公共卫生的潜在风险,以及抗击细菌耐药性的战略 (包括新技术、替代品和管理)。本综述可为进一步研究、开发和应用新型抗菌药物,减少食用动物养殖场抗生素耐药性的不良影响提供参考。
参考文献
Council R N ,Studies L A,Sciences M O, et al.The Effects on Human Health of Subtherapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Feeds[M].National Academies Press:1980-02-01.
Martin M J, Thottathil S E, Newman T B. Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers [J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2015, 105(12): 2409-2410.
Van T T, Yidana Z, Smooker P M, et al. Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses [J]. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 2020, 20: 170-177.
Tiseo K, Huber L, Gilbert M, et al. Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals from 2017 to 2030 [J]. Antibiotics, 2020, 9(12): 918.
Liu Z, Wang K, Zhang Y, et al. High prevalence and diversity characteristics of bla NDM, mcr, and bla ESBLs harboring multidrug-resistant textit{Escherichia coli} from chicken, pig, and cattle in China[J]. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2022, 11: 755545.
Mackie R I, Koike S, Krapac I, et al. Tetracycline Residues and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Groundwater Impacted by Swine Production Facilities [J]. Animal Biotechnology, 2006, 17(2): 157-176.
Zhang Q Q, Ying G G, Pan C G, et al. Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibiotics Emission and Fate in the River Basins of China: Source Analysis, Multimedia Modeling, and Linkage to Bacterial Resistance [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(11): 6772-6782.
Bai H, He L Y, Wu D L, et al. Spread of airborne antibiotic resistance from animal farms to the environment: dispersal pattern and exposure risk[J]. Environment international, 2022, 158: 106927.
Gwenzi W, Shamsizadeh Z, Gholipour S, et al. The air-borne antibiotic resistome: Occurrence, health risks, and future directions[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 804: 150154.
Larsson D G, Flach C F. Antibiotic resistance in the environment [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2022, 20(5): 257-2569.
Wang Y, Lyu N, Liu F, et al. More diversified antibiotic resistance genes in chickens and workers of the live poultry markets[J]. Environment International, 2021, 153: 106534.
Hu Y F, Yang X, Li J, et al. The Bacterial Mobile Resistome Transfer Network Connecting the Animal and Human Microbiomes [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 82(22): 6672-6681.
Founou L L, Founou R C, Essack S Y. Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective[J]. Frontiers in microbiology, 2016, 7: 232834.
He Y, Yuan Q, Mathieu J, et al. Antibiotic resistance genes from livestock waste: occurrence, dissemination, and treatment[J]. NPJ Clean Water, 2020, 3(1): 4.
Sirichokchatchawan W, Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, et al. Reducing the risk of transmission of critical antimicrobial resistance determinants from contaminated pork products to humans in south-east Asia[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12: 689015.
Khan S A, Imtiaz M A, Sayeed M A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal-wildlife-environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2020, 16: 1-13.
Sazykin I S, Khmelevtsova L E, Seliverstova E Y, et al. Effect of Antibiotics Used in Animal Husbandry on the Distribution of Bacterial Drug Resistance (Review) [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2021, 57(1): 20-30.
Sancheza H M, Echeverria C, Thulsiraj V, et al. Antibiotic resistance in airborne bacteria near conventional and organic beef cattle farms in California, USA[J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2016, 227: 1-12.
Song L, Wang C, Jiang G, et al. Bioaerosol is an important transmission route of antibiotic resistance genes in pig farms[J]. Environment International, 2021, 154: 106559.
Jezak K, Kozajda A. Occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on animal farms and in their vicinity in Poland and Ukraine-review [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, 29(7): 9533-9559.
Yang L, Shen Y, Jiang J, et al. Distinct increase in antimicrobial resistance genes among textit{Escherichia coli} during 50 years of antimicrobial use in livestock production in China[J]. Nature Food, 2022, 3(3): 197-205.
De Jong A, Simjee S, EL Garch F, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics [J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2018, 216: 168-175.
Nesporova K, Valcek A, Papagiannitsis C, et al. Multi-drug resistant plasmids with ESBL/Ampc and mcr-5.1 in paraguayan poultry farms: the linkage of antibiotic resistance and hatcheries[J]. Microorganisms, 2021, 9(4): 866.
Zhu Z, Cao M Z, Wang W W, et al. Exploring the Prevalence and Distribution Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bovine Gut Microbiota Using a Metagenomic Approach [J]. Microbial Drug Resistance, 2021, 27(7): 980-990.
Zhang J Y, Lu T D, Chai Y F, et al. Which animal type contributes the most to the emission of antibiotic resistance genes in large-scale swine farms in China? [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 658: 152-159.
Zhou L J, Ying G G, Zhang R Q, et al. Use patterns, excretion masses and contamination profiles of antibiotics in a typical swine farm, south China [J]. Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts, 2013, 15(4): 802-813.
Hoppin J A, Umbach D M, Long S, et al. Respiratory disease in United States farmers [J]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2014, 71(7): 484-491.
Radon K, Danuser B, Iversen M, et al. Respiratory symptoms in European animal farmers [J]. European Respiratory Journal, 2001, 17(4): 747-754.
Sigsgaard T, Basinas I, Doekes G, et al. Respiratory diseases and allergy in farmers working with livestock: a EAACI position paper[J]. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 2020, 10: 1-30.
Yan H, Li Y, Zhang Y, et al. Deciphering of microbial diversity and antibiotic resistome of bioaerosols in swine confinement buildings[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 781: 147056.
Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E, Golas I. The impact of a freshwater fish farm on the community of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the structure of tetracycline resistance genes in river water [J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 128: 134-141.
Ranjan R, Thatikonda S. β-Lactam Resistance Gene NDM-1 in the Aquatic Environment: A Review [J]. Current Microbiology, 2021, 78(10): 3634-3643.
Liu K X, Han J M, Li S R, et al. Insight into the diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in the intestinal bacteria of shrimp Penaeus vannamei by culture-dependent and independent approaches [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 172: 451-459.
OVIEDO-BOLAñOS K, RODRíGUEZ-RODRíGUEZ J A, SANCHO-BLANCO C, et al. Molecular identification of Streptococcus sp. and antibiotic resistance genes present in Tilapia farms (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Northern Pacific region, Costa Rica [J]. Aquaculture International, 2021, 29(5): 2337-2355.
Sharma G, Mutua F, Deka R P, et al. A qualitative study on antibiotic use and animal health management in smallholder dairy farms of four regions of India [J]. Infection ecology & epidemiology, 2020, 10(1): 1792033.
Chowdhury S, Ghosh S, Aleem M A, et al. Antibiotic usage and resistance in food animal production: what have we learned from Bangladesh?[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10(9): 1032.
Gebeyehu E, Bantie L, Azage M. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and its associated factors among urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia[J]. PloS one, 2015, 10(9): e0138179.
Geta K, Kibret M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal farm owners/workers on antibiotic use and resistance in Amhara region, north western Ethiopia[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 21211.
Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, et al. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand[J]. BMJ global health, 2020, 5(2): e001918.
Nuangmek A, Rojanasthien S, Patchanee P, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices toward antimicrobial usage: a cross-sectional study of layer and pig farm owners/managers in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Chonburi provinces, Thailand, May 2014 to February 2016 [J]. Korean J of Veterinary Research, 2018, 58(1): 17-25.
Ozturk Y, Celik S, Sahin E, et al. Assessment of farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance[J]. Animals, 2019, 9(9): 653.
Kim K R, Owens G, Kwon S I, et al. Occurrence and Environmental Fate of Veterinary Antibiotics in the Terrestrial Environment [J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2011, 214(1-4): 163-174.
Menz J, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Antibiotic residues in livestock manure: Does the EU risk assessment sufficiently protect against microbial toxicity and selection of resistant bacteria in the environment?[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2019, 379: 120807.
Van L J, Swart A N, Havelaar A H, et al. Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bioaerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock - A review to inform risk assessment studies [J]. Microbial Risk Analysis, 2016, 1: 19-39.
Wichmann F, Udikovic-Kolic N, Andrew S, et al. Diverse antibiotic resistance genes in dairy cow manure[J]. MBio, 2014, 5(2): 10.1128/mbio. 01017-01013.
Li C, Li Y, Li X, et al. Veterinary antibiotics and estrogen hormones in manures from concentrated animal feedlots and their potential ecological risks[J]. Environmental Research, 2021, 198: 110463.
Patyra E, Kwiatek K, Nebot C, et al. Quantification of veterinary antibiotics in pig and poultry feces and liquid manure as a non-invasive method to monitor antibiotic usage in livestock by liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry[J]. Molecules, 2020, 25(14): 3265.
Zhou L J, Ying G G, Liu S, et al. Excretion masses and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in typical swine and dairy cattle farms in China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 444: 183-195.
Furlan J P, Dos S L, Ramos M S, et al. Fecal cultivable aerobic microbiota of dairy cows and calves acting as reservoir of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes [J]. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2020, 51(3): 1377-1382.
Huang J L, Mi J D, Yan Q F, et al. Animal manures application increases the abundances of antibiotic resistance genes in soil-lettuce system associated with shared bacterial distributions [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 787: 147667.
Fournier C, Nordmann P, Pittet O, et al. Does an antibiotic stewardship applied in a pig farm lead to low ESBL prevalence?[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10(5): 574.
Wang W W, Wei X J, Wu L Y, et al. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the microbiota of yak, beef and dairy cattle characterized by a metagenomic approach [J]. Journal of Antibiotics, 2021, 74(8): 508-518.
Wang X R, Lian X L, Su T T, et al. Duck wastes as a potential reservoir of novel antibiotic resistance genes[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021, 771: 144828.
Ruuskanen M, Muurinen J, Meierjohan A, et al. Fertilizing with Animal Manure Disseminates Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Farm Environment [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2016, 45(2): 488-493.
Lima T, Domingues S, Da Silva G J. Manure as a potential hotspot for antibiotic resistance dissemination by horizontal gene transfer events[J]. Veterinary sciences, 2020, 7(3): 110.
Ma X, Yang Z, Xu T, et al. Chlortetracycline alters microbiota of gut or faeces in pigs and leads to accumulation and migration of antibiotic resistance genes[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 796: 148976.
Huang B, Jia H, Han X, et al. Effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermentation bacteria additions on the microbial community, functions and antibiotic resistance genes of prickly ash seed oil meal-biochar compost[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2021, 340: 125668.
Al Salah D M M, Laffite A, Poté J. Occurrence of bacterial markers and antibiotic resistance genes in sub-Saharan rivers receiving animal farm wastewaters[J]. Scientific reports, 2019, 9(1): 14847.
Yang Y, Liu Z, Xing S, et al. The correlation between antibiotic resistance gene abundance and microbial community resistance in pig farm wastewater and surrounding rivers[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 182: 109452.
Raghavan D S S, Qiu G, Ting Y P. Fate and removal of selected antibiotics in an osmotic membrane bioreactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 334: 198-205.
Van E A, Blaney L. Antibiotic Residues in Animal Waste: Occurrence and Degradation in Conventional Agricultural Waste Management Practices [J]. Current Pollution Reports, 2016, 2(3): 135-155.
Brooks J P, Adeli A, Mclaughlin M R. Microbial ecology, bacterial pathogens, and antibiotic resistant genes in swine manure wastewater as influenced by three swine management systems [J]. Water Research, 2014, 57: 96-103.
West B M, Liggit P, Clemans D L, et al. Antibiotic Resistance, Gene Transfer, and Water Quality Patterns Observed in Waterways near CAFO Farms and Wastewater Treatment Facilities [J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2011, 217(1-4): 473-489.
Zhao J, Li B, Lv P, et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2022, 16: 1-14.
Goulas A, Livoreil B, Grall N, et al. What are the effective solutions to control the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment? A systematic review protocol[J]. Environmental Evidence, 2018, 7: 1-9.
Deng W, Quan Y, Yang S, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin and its association with disinfectant and heavy metal resistance[J]. Microbial Drug Resistance, 2018, 24(6): 782-791.
Koch B J, Hungate B A, Price L B. Food-animal production and the spread of antibiotic resistance: the role of ecology [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2017, 15(6): 309-318.
Li J, Zhou L T, Zhang X Y, et al. Bioaerosol emissions and detection of airborne antibiotic resistance genes from a wastewater treatment plant [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 124: 404-412.
Li S, Jiang J, Ho S H, et al. Bimetallic nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from ZIF-L&FeTPP@ ZIF-8 as electrocatalysis and application for antibiotic wastewater treatment[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 276: 119259.
Liao H, Bai Y, Liu C, et al. Airborne and indigenous microbiomes co‐drive the rebound of antibiotic resistome during compost storage[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2021, 23(12): 7483-7496.
Dierikx C, Van D G, Fabri T, et al. Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase- and AmpC-β-lactamase-producing textit{Escherichia coli} in Dutch broilers and broiler farmers [J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2013, 68(1): 60-67.
Mcdaniel C J, Cardwell D M, Moeller R B, et al. Humans and Cattle: A Review of Bovine Zoonoses [J]. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2014, 14(1): 1-19.
Meijs A P, Gijsbers E F, Hengeveld P D, et al. ESBL/pAmpC-producing textit{Escherichia coli} and Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage among veterinary healthcare workers in the Netherlands[J]. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2021, 10: 1-12.
Saliu E M, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Types and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry [J]. Animal Health Research Reviews, 2017, 18(1): 46-57.
Tomley F M, Shirley M W. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 2009, 364(1530): 2637-2642.
Huijbers P M, De K M, Graat E A, et al. Prevalence of extended-spectrum-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans living in municipalities with high and low broiler density [J]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2013, 19(6): E256-E259.
Huijbers P M, Graat E A, Haenen A P, et al. Extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing textit{Escherichia coli} in broilers and people living and/or working on broiler farms: prevalence, risk factors and molecular characteristics [J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2014, 69(10): 2669-2675.
Huijbers P M, Van H A, Graat E A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase-producing textit{Escherichia coli} in broilers and in people living and/or working on organic broiler farms [J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2015, 176(1-2): 120-125.
Viñes J, Cuscó A, Napp S, et al. Transmission of similar mcr-1 carrying plasmids among different textit{Escherichia coli} lineages isolated from livestock and the farmer[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10(3): 313.
Aworh M K, Abiodun-Adewusi O, Mba N, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug resistant textit{Escherichia coli} among slaughterhouse workers[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 13362.
Anand U, Reddy B, Singh V K, et al. Potential environmental and human health risks caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and emerging contaminants (ECs) from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10(4): 374.
Mceachran A D, Blackwell B R, Hanson J D, et al. Antibiotics, Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Aerial Transport from Cattle Feed Yards via Particulate Matter [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2015, 123(4): 337-43.
Gao X L, Shao M F, Wang Q, et al. Airborne microbial communities in the atmospheric environment of urban hospitals in China[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2018, 349: 10-17.
Overdevest I, Willemsen I, Rijnsburger M, et al. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes of textit{Escherichia coli} in Chicken Meat and Humans, the Netherlands [J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011, 17(7): 1216-1222.
Borzi M M, Cardozo M V, De O E, et al. Characterization of avian pathogenic textit{Escherichia coli} isolated from free-range helmeted guineafowl [J]. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2018, 49: 107-112.
Díaz-Jiménez D, García-Meniño I, Fernández J, et al. Chicken and turkey meat: Consumer exposure to multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae including mcr-carriers, uropathogenic E. coli and high-risk lineages such as ST131[J]. International journal of food microbiology, 2020, 331: 108750.
Yamaji R, Friedman C R, Rubin J, et al. A population-based surveillance study of shared genotypes of textit{Escherichia coli} isolates from retail meat and suspected cases of urinary tract infections[J]. Msphere, 2018, 3(4): 00179-18.
Geser N, Stephan R, Hächler H. Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk[J]. BMC veterinary research, 2012, 8: 1-9.
Zou M, Ma P P, Liu W S, et al. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance characteristics of extraintestinal pathogenic textit{Escherichia coli} among healthy chickens from farms and live poultry markets in China[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(4): 1112.
Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Figueroa F, et al. Assessing antibiotic residues in poultry eggs from backyard production systems in Chile, first approach to a non-addressed issue in farm animals[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(6): 1056.
Balemi A, Gumi B, Amenu K, et al. Prevalence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from CMT positive milk samples obtained from dairy cows, camels, and goats in two pastoral districts in Southern Ethiopia[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(6): 1530.
Stefańska I, Kwiecień E, Jóźwiak-Piasecka K, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria strains of potential use as feed additives-the basic safety and usefulness criterion[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021, 8: 687071.
Zalewska M, Błażejewska A, Czapko A, et al. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in animal manure–consequences of its application in agriculture[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12: 610656.
Yu W, Zhan S, Shen Z, et al. Efficient removal mechanism for antibiotic resistance genes from aquatic environments by graphene oxide nanosheet[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 313: 836-846.
Visca A, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P, et al. Anaerobic digestion and removal of sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and their antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale biogas plant[J]. Antibiotics, 2021, 10(5): 502.
Tao C W, Hsu B M, Ji W T, et al. Evaluation of five antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment systems of swine farms by real-time PCR [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 496: 116-121.
Zhang M, He L Y, Liu Y S, et al. Fate of veterinary antibiotics during animal manure composting [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 650: 1363-1370.
Ho Y B, Zakaria M P, Latif P A, et al. Degradation of veterinary antibiotics and hormone during broiler manure composting [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 131: 476-484.
Lu X M, Lu P Z. Synergistic effects of key parameters on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes during swine manure composting [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 252: 1277-1287.
Liu Y, Zheng L, Cai Q, et al. Simultaneous reduction of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in pig manure using a composting process with a novel microbial agent[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 208: 111724.
Zhang X, Ma C J, Zhang W, et al. Shifts in microbial community, pathogenicity-related genes and antibiotic resistance genes during dairy manure piled up [J]. Microbial Biotechnology, 2020, 13(4): 1039-1053.
Tian X, Han B, Liang J, et al. Tracking antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during earthworm conversion of cow dung in northern China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 222: 112538.
Liu L, Liu C X, Zheng J Y, et al. Elimination of veterinary antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine wastewater in the vertical flow constructed wetlands [J]. Chemosphere, 2013, 91(8): 1088-1093.
Chen Z B, Xiao T T, Hu D X, et al. The performance and membrane fouling rate of a pilot-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor for treating antibiotic solvent wastewater under different cross flow velocity [J]. Water Research, 2018, 135: 288-301.
Meng L, Wang J, Li X. Insight into effect of high-level cephalexin on fate and driver mechanism of antibiotics resistance genes in antibiotic wastewater treatment system[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020, 201: 110739.
Meng L, Wang J, Li X, et al. Microbial community and molecular ecological network in the EGSB reactor treating antibiotic wastewater: Response to environmental factors[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 208: 111669.
Peng P C, Huang H, Ren H Q. Effect of adding low-concentration of rhamnolipid on reactor performances and microbial community evolution in MBBRs for low C/N ratio and antibiotic wastewater treatment [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 256: 557-61.
Shi X Q, Yeap T S, Huang S J, et al. Pretreatment of saline antibiotic wastewater using marine microalga [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 258: 240-246.
Farha A K, Yang Q Q, Kim G, et al. Tannins as an alternative to antibiotics [J]. Food Bioscience, 2020, 38.
Hernández-González J C, Martínez-Tapia A, Lazcano-Hernández G, et al. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. A powerful alternative as antimicrobials, probiotics, and immunomodulators in veterinary medicine[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(4): 979.
Huang Q, Liu X, Zhao G, et al. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2018, 4(2): 137-150.
Khan M I, Ahhmed A, Shin J H, et al. Green Tea Seed Isolated Saponins Exerts Antibacterial Effects against Various Strains of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria, a Comprehensive Study In Vitro and In Vivo [J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 2018.
Magrys A, Olender A, Tchórzewska D. Antibacterial properties of Allium sativum L. against the most emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria and its synergy with antibiotics [J]. Archives of Microbiology, 2021, 203(5): 2257-2268.
Redondo L M, Chacana P A, Dominguez J E, et al. Perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014, 5: 78827.
Dowarah R, Verma A K, Agarwal N. The use of Lactobacillus as an alternative of antibiotic growth promoters in pigs: A review [J]. Animal Nutrition, 2017, 3(1): 1-6.
Grant A, Gay C G, Lillehoj H S. Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial antibiotic alternatives to enhance growth, immunity, and gut health in poultry [J]. Avian Pathology, 2018, 47(4): 339-351.
Hu S, Cao X, Wu Y, et al. Effects of probiotic Bacillus as an alternative of antibiotics on digestive enzymes activity and intestinal integrity of piglets[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9: 2427.
Ramlucken U, Roets Y, Ramchuran S O, et al. Isolation, selection and evaluation of Bacillus spp. as potential multi-mode probiotics for poultry [J]. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 2020, 66(4): 228-238.
Abdallah A, Zhang P, Zhong Q Z, et al. Application of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine By-products as Dietary Feed Supplements and Antibiotic Replacements in Animal Production [J]. Current Drug Metabolism, 2019, 20(1): 54-64.
Lee C R, Cho I H, Jeong B C, et al. Strategies to Minimize Antibiotic Resistance [J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013, 10(9): 4274-4305.
Heffernan C. Antimicrobial resistance in China's livestock [J]. Nature Food, 2022, 3(3): 191-192.
Salim H M, Huque K S, Kamaruddin K M, et al. Global restriction of using antibiotic growth promoters and alternative strategies in poultry production [J]. Science Progress, 2018, 101(1): 52-75.
Nilsson O. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals–occurrence and importance[J]. Infection ecology & epidemiology, 2012, 2(1): 16959.
Qiao M, Ying G G, Singer A C, et al. Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment [J]. Environment International, 2018, 110: 160-172.
Liu F, Zhang R, Yang Y, et al. Occurrence and molecular characteristics of mcr-1-positive textit{Escherichia coli} from healthy meat ducks in Shandong Province of China[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(8): 1299.
Tang K L, Caffrey N P, Nóbrega D B, et al. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Lancet Planetary Health, 2017, 1(8): E316-E327.
Ungemach F R, Müeller-bahrdt D, Abraham G. Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine [J]. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2006, 296: 33-38.
Jibril A H, Okeke I N, Dalsgaard A, et al. Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2021, 17(1): 234.